《1857—1858 年经济学手稿》中资本权力的劳动话语批判

A Critique of Labor Discourse in Capital Power from the Economic Manuscripts of 1857—1858

摘要:

马克思在《1857—1858 年经济学手稿》中对资本权力的批判呈现出系统的劳动话语。以唯物史观考察雇佣劳动的历史生成，劳动者历经三重否定丧失生产资料和生活资料，并在双重自由下一无所有，最终被赶往劳动力市场。以雇佣劳动的被支配权考察资本与劳动的对立统一关系：在对立意义上，活劳动保存和转移旧价值的能力表现为资本的自我保存力，劳动联合的生产力表现为资本的生产力；二者的统一表现为不对等 的双向依赖关系。在特定语境中以死劳动、对象化劳动、非生产劳动、总体劳动指代资本。以劳动在客观劳动条件、自身劳动能力、劳动产品面前的异化揭露资本对劳动的剥削。资本是“活生生的矛盾”，创造出消灭自身的条件，并推动无产阶级联合，促成无产阶级“利用资本消灭资本”，进而使一般劳动与自由时间回归劳动者自身。以劳动话语审视资本，不仅提供了资本权力批判的另一视角，而且对推进当代无产阶级联合和社会关系变革有重要启示。

Abstract:

In the Economic Manuscripts of 1857—1858, Marx presents a systematic critique of capital power through labor discourse. By examining the historical evolution of wage labor from a materialist historical perspective, it reveals how laborers undergo threefold negation, losing ownership of both means of production and means of living, ultimately being propelled into the labor market under conditions of double freedom where they own nothing. The analysis of the dominated rights of wage labor explores the unity of capital and labor's opposing relationship: in an oppositional sense, the ability of living labor to preserve and transfer old value refl ects capital's self-preservation ability, while the productivity of labor unions represents the productivity of capital; their unity manifests as an unequal mutual dependence. In a specifi c context, the capital is referred to as dead labor, objectifi ed labor, unproductive labor, and total labor. The alienation of labor in relation to objective labor conditions, one's labor capability, and labor products exposes capital's exploitation of labor. The capital is described as a "living contradiction" that creates conditions for its own demise while promoting the unity of the proletariat, leading to the proletariat's goal of "using capital to eliminate capital", thereby restoring general labor and free time to the laborers themselves. Examining the capital through the lens of labor discourse not only offers an alternative perspective for critiquing the capital power but also provides signifi cant insights for advancing the unity of the contemporary proletariat and transforming social relations.